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<title>Margaret Thatcher feared GCSEs would lower school standards - Telegraph</title>



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<h1 itemprop="headline name">Margaret Thatcher feared GCSEs would lower school standards</h1>
			<h2  itemprop="alternativeHeadline description">
Files released by the National Archives show the then prime minister believed 
  exam results would be distorted by &ldquo;biased&rdquo; teachers helping teenagers with 
  coursework

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											<span class="caption">The papers reveal Margaret Thatcher did not “like the sound of the new exam” </span>&nbsp;<span class="credit">Photo: Getty Images</span></div>						
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							By <a rel="author" title="Edward Malnick" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/journalists/edward-malnick/" >
											Edward Malnick</a></p>
					
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		<p class="publishedDate">11:59PM GMT 29 Dec 2014</p>
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					<div class="firstPar"><p>
Margaret Thatcher attempted to put off the introduction of GCSEs because she 
  feared the exams would lead to lower standards and a &ldquo;can&rsquo;t fail&rdquo; mentality 
  among pupils, newly released files show. 
</p></div><div class="secondPar">
<p>
In comments which are likely to be seen by Conservatives as a further 
  vindication of their sweeping reforms of the exams, the then prime minister 
  said the system would allow results to be distorted by &ldquo;biased&rdquo; teachers 
  helping teenagers with coursework. 
</p></div><div class="thirdPar">
<p>
Previously unseen papers show Mrs Thatcher warned six months before GCSEs 
  replaced O-levels in 1986 that she did not &ldquo;like the sound of the new exam&rdquo;, 
  and asked for its introduction to be delayed. 
</p></div><div class="fourthPar">
<p>
However she eventually concluded that to intervene would amount to a public 
  &ldquo;contradiction&rdquo; of Sir Keith Joseph, the education secretary and a close 
  friend, and appear as if she was taking the side of teaching unions, which 
  wanted more time to prepare for the new system. She therefore had &ldquo;no option 
  but to go ahead&rdquo;, she told aides. 
</p></div><div class="fifthPar">
<p>
Her previously unknown concerns are revealed in official papers from 1986 
  released by the National Archive in Kew, west London. 
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<p>
Her fears appear to chime with the views of Conservatives about the GCSE 
  system today - almost 30 years later. 
</p>
<p>
Michael Gove, who was education secretary until the summer, is said to believe 
  that the introduction of the exam was a &ldquo;historic mistake&rdquo; that has led to a 
  dramatic fall in standards. Before stepping aside to become Chief Whip he 
  set in train an overhaul of the curriculum which he said would address &ldquo;the 
  pernicious damage caused by grade inflation and dumbing down&rdquo;. 
</p>
<p>
GCSEs were eventually introduced in September 1986 with Kenneth Baker, now 
  Lord Baker of Dorking, as education secretary, after Sir Keith stepped down 
  in May - weeks after his clash with Mrs Thatcher over the exams. 
</p>
<p>
Sir Keith had insisted that the new scheme was intended to better stretch 
  teenagers, creating a tougher, &ldquo;clearer and fairer&rdquo; system. Under the old 
  system, as part of which more academic teenagers took O-levels and others 
  took CSEs, individual grades were awarded largely based on the relative 
  performance of competing candidates. 
</p>
<p>
GCSEs were intended to ensure a focus on &ldquo;how much or how little pupils 
  understand, know and can do&rdquo;. 
</p>
<p>
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<sup>Files reveal Thatcher warned against introducing 'poll tax'</sup>
</p>
<p>
Mrs Thatcher, herself a former education secretary, raised her concerns about 
  GCSEs with Mr Joseph in the spring of 1986. However on March 6 Mr Joseph 
  wrote to her insisting she was &ldquo;misleading herself&rdquo; about the exams. 
</p>
<p>
He insisted that the new system would &ldquo;inject more rigour&rdquo; and &ldquo;use-able 
  learning&rdquo; and would be &ldquo;a key instrument for improving standards&rdquo;. 
</p>
<p>
Mrs Thatcher marked his three-page briefing note with a series of hand-written 
  annotations, complaining about his use of &ldquo;an awful lot of high language&rdquo; 
  and questioning a number of his claims. 
</p>
<p>
Sir Keith said that under the O-level and CSE system pupils were &ldquo;simply 
  ranked in merit order, with little regard to how much or how little pupils 
  understand, know and can do&rdquo;. 
</p>
<p>
But in a hand-written annotation to his letter Mrs Thatcher said: &ldquo;This is not 
  a correct judgement of the present examinations system. We were taught to 
  think and apply 50 years ago.&rdquo;
</p>
<p>
Mrs Thatcher was advised by the No 10 policy unit to postpone the new system 
  until it was clear that it was &ldquo;workable&rdquo;. In one briefing note she was 
  warned that &ldquo;GCSE is an exam nobody will fail&rdquo; and &ldquo;does little for the 
  lowest 30 per cent of students&rdquo;. Implementing the new system in September 
  was a &ldquo;hopelessly unrealistic&rdquo; prospect, an official said. 
</p>
<p>
In a summary of Mrs Thatcher&rsquo;s concerns, dated March 18 1986, Mark Addison, 
  then her private secretary for home affairs, said the prime minister 
  believed the new approach would lead to &ldquo;lower standards; a shift away from 
  the traditional approach to learning in favour of a &lsquo;can&rsquo;t fail&rsquo; mentality; 
  assessment by the pupils&rsquo; own teachers with the consequent risk of 
  introducing more bias.&rdquo;
</p>
<p>
Mrs Thatcher had not, Mr Addison added, been impressed &ldquo;by the jargon-soaked 
  justifications&rdquo; of the exam produced by Mr Joseph&rsquo;s department. 
</p>
<p>
She asked for implementation of the exam to be postponed for at least a year, 
  in line with the demands of many teachers, to help ensure the syllabuses 
  were &ldquo;sufficiently rigorous&rdquo; and the coursework &ldquo;properly assessed&rdquo;. 
</p>
<p>
However in early April she acquiesced with Mr Joseph&rsquo;s insistence that the 
  Government should hold its course, agreeing with Tim Flesher, another of her 
  private secretaries, that to back down would &ldquo;look like taking the side of 
  the unions&rdquo;. &ldquo;I agree - no option but to go ahead,&rdquo; she said. 
</p>
<p>
Asked about the disclosures, Lord Baker told the Telegraph: "She was 
  concerned ... because she always felt that whenever you change anything in 
  education it might be for the worse."
</p>
<p>
However, he added: "In defence of Keith I don't think she fully 
  appreciated that the great thing about GCSEs is it did away with CSE, which 
  was virtually valueless."
</p>
<p>
The standard of GCSEs was initially "high", Lord Baker added, saying 
  there had been a "degeneration" in grades over time. 
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From Skyfall to Zulu, critic Barry Norman's choice of the 49 best British 
  films of all time 
</p></a>
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			<h3>
                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/11322460/Artist-transforms-off-the-shelf-dolls-into-hyper-realistic-models-of-celebrities.html">Hyper-realistic celebrity dolls</a>
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        <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/11322460/Artist-transforms-off-the-shelf-dolls-into-hyper-realistic-models-of-celebrities.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03153/dolls-sum_3153058f.jpg" alt="Artist Noel Cruz transforms off-the-shelf dolls into hyper realistic models of celebrities." border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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							<p>
A portrait artist transforms off-the-shelf dolls into hyper-realistic models 
  of celebrities
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			<!-- 11321463 -->
			<h3>
                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/theweekinpictures/11321463/The-week-in-pictures-2-January-2015.html">The week in pictures</a>
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        <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/theweekinpictures/11321463/The-week-in-pictures-2-January-2015.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03152/p_otd-japan_3152716f.jpg" alt="Men ride on a mikoshi or portable shrine as local people carry it into the sea during a festival to wish for calm waters in the ocean and good fortune in the new year in Oiso, Japan" border="0" width="219"  height="128" />
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/theweekinpictures/11321463/The-week-in-pictures-2-January-2015.html" 
                         	 
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							<p>
A round-up of our favourite photographs of the week 
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			<h3>
                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/earth/11321464/Animal-photos-of-the-week.html">Animal photos of the week</a>
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        <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/earth/11321464/Animal-photos-of-the-week.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03152/animals-woof_3152782f.jpg" alt="Border Collie Mumpitz shakes himself after taking a dip in the North Sea in Hedehusum on the island of Foehr, Germany" border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/earth/11321464/Animal-photos-of-the-week.html" 
                         	 
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							<p>
All creatures great and small in our ever popular animal gallery. 
</p></a>
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                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/11321135/New-Years-Day-swimmers-in-pictures.html">New Year's Day swimmers</a>
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        <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/11321135/New-Years-Day-swimmers-in-pictures.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03152/NYD_swimmers_hotti_3152526f.jpg" alt=" Hundreds of people take part in the traditional Loony Dook at South Queensferry" border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/11321135/New-Years-Day-swimmers-in-pictures.html" 
                         	 
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Swimmers plunge into the sea around the world on New Year's Day
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			<h3>
                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/11321271/Pictures-of-the-day-2-January-2015.html">Pictures of the day</a>
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        <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/11321271/Pictures-of-the-day-2-January-2015.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03152/potd-seal_3152625f.jpg" alt="A seal pup seems to be in deep thought as it rests its chin on its paw before staring into the camera. The one-month-old grey seal pup - the same size as a small dog - lays down on its side while getting used to its surroundings. Its mother is nearby as she keeps a watchful eye on the beach on the north Norfolk coast near Horsey.  " border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/11321271/Pictures-of-the-day-2-January-2015.html" 
                         	 
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A thoughtful seal, a diving Super Woman and Kim Jong-un visits orphanage 
</p></a>
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                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/11310148/Celebrities-and-their-winter-coats.html">Celebrities and their winter coats</a>
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Ninja Turtle namesake, Leonardo DiCaprio – honestly, it is – appeared to be shrinking into 
his polyester shell as he took his mother for lunch in New York in 2004." border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/11310148/Celebrities-and-their-winter-coats.html" 
                         	 
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							<p>
When fashion and practicality collide in an eruption of layers and nobody 
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Cyclist Chris Froome
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We celebrate and remember the stars who passed away last year
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        <a  href="/culture/tvandradio/10936206/A-list-of-the-best-TV-shows-on-Netflix-UK.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02959/netflix_2959554f.jpg" alt="Four of the best TV series available on Netflix (clockwise from top left): Arrested Development, House of Cards, Breaking Bad and Pride and Prejudice" border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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<span class="labelOnSec"><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/"> TV</a></span>	
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The top TV series and boxed sets
</p></a>
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                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11320344/New-Year-2015-in-pictures-Thousands-party-around-Britain.html">Thousands party around Britain on NYE</a>
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/uknews/11320344/New-Year-2015-in-pictures-Thousands-party-around-Britain.html" 
                         	 
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A night when revellers party a little too hard
</p></a>
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			<!-- 11318730 -->
			<h3>
                    <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/11318730/New-Year-2015-in-pictures-Fireworks-and-celebrations-around-the-world.html">New Year 2015 around world</a>
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        <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/11318730/New-Year-2015-in-pictures-Fireworks-and-celebrations-around-the-world.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03152/Untitled-1_3152151f.jpg" alt="New Year 2015 in pictures: Fireworks and celebrations around the world " border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/11318730/New-Year-2015-in-pictures-Fireworks-and-celebrations-around-the-world.html" 
                         	 
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<strong>In pics:</strong> Fireworks welcome in the New Year around the world. 
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			<h3>
                    <a  href="/culture/culturepicturegalleries/10514355/New-Year-30-great-New-Year-quotes-and-jokes.html">30 great New Year quotes</a>
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30 great quotes about New Year's resolutions and celebrations 
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        <a  href="/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/11318668/Pictures-of-the-day-31-December-2014.html"><img src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03151/potd-hare_3151406f.jpg" alt="Formcrior Suzi in action during the Oaks Trial Stake at the Abbeyfeale Coursing Meeting in Co. Limerick" border="0" width="219"  height="137" />
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<a href= "/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/11318668/Pictures-of-the-day-31-December-2014.html" 
                         	 
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A running hare, New Year around the world and Bath bathers
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